exiv2/src/exiv2.cpp

// ***************************************************************** -*- C++ -*-
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2004-2021 Exiv2 authors
 * This program is part of the Exiv2 distribution.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */

#include <exiv2/exiv2.hpp>

// include local header files which are not part of libexiv2
#include "actions.hpp"
#include "convert.hpp"
#include "exiv2app.hpp"
#include "futils.hpp"
#include "getopt.hpp"
#include "i18n.h"  // NLS support.
#include "utils.hpp"
#include "xmp_exiv2.hpp"

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>

#include <regex>

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#include <Windows.h>
#endif

// *****************************************************************************
// local declarations
namespace {

    //! List of all command identifiers and corresponding strings
    const CmdIdAndString cmdIdAndString[] = {
        { add, "add" },
        { set, "set" },
        { del, "del" },
        { reg, "reg" },
        { invalidCmdId, "invalidCmd" },          // End of list marker
    };

    // Return a command Id for a command string
    CmdId commandId(const std::string& cmdString);

    // Evaluate [-]HH[:MM[:SS]], returns true and sets time to the value
    // in seconds if successful, else returns false.
    bool parseTime(const std::string& ts, long& time);

    /*!
      @brief Parse the oparg string into a bitmap of common targets.
      @param optArg Option arguments
      @param action Action being processed
      @return A bitmap of common targets or -1 in case of a parse error
     */
    int parseCommonTargets(const std::string& optArg,
                           const std::string& action);

    /*!
      @brief Parse numbers separated by commas into container
      @param previewNumbers Container for the numbers
      @param optArg Option arguments
      @param j Starting index into optArg
      @return Number of characters processed
     */
    int parsePreviewNumbers(Params::PreviewNumbers& previewNumbers,
                            const std::string& optArg,
                            int j);

    /*!
      @brief Parse metadata modification commands from multiple files
      @param modifyCmds Reference to a structure to store the parsed commands
      @param cmdFiles Container with the file names
     */
    bool parseCmdFiles(ModifyCmds& modifyCmds,
                       const Params::CmdFiles& cmdFiles);

    /*!
      @brief Parse metadata modification commands from a container of commands
      @param modifyCmds Reference to a structure to store the parsed commands
      @param cmdLines Container with the commands
     */
    bool parseCmdLines(ModifyCmds& modifyCmds,
                       const Params::CmdLines& cmdLines);

    /*!
      @brief Parse one line of the command file
      @param modifyCmd Reference to a command structure to store the parsed
             command
      @param line Input line
      @param num Line number (used for error output)
     */
    bool parseLine(ModifyCmd& modifyCmd,
                   const std::string& line, int num);

    /*!
      @brief Parses a string containing backslash-escapes
      @param input Input string, assumed to be UTF-8
     */
    std::string parseEscapes(const std::string& input);
}  // namespace

// *****************************************************************************
// Main
int main(int argc, char* const argv[])
{
    setlocale(LC_CTYPE, ".utf8");

    Exiv2::XmpParser::initialize();
    ::atexit(Exiv2::XmpParser::terminate);
#ifdef EXV_ENABLE_BMFF
    Exiv2::enableBMFF();
#endif

#ifdef EXV_ENABLE_NLS
    setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
    const std::string localeDir = EXV_LOCALEDIR[0] == '/' ? EXV_LOCALEDIR : (Exiv2::getProcessPath() + EXV_SEPARATOR_STR + EXV_LOCALEDIR);
    bindtextdomain(EXV_PACKAGE_NAME, localeDir.c_str());
    textdomain(EXV_PACKAGE_NAME);
#endif

    // Handle command line arguments
    Params& params = Params::instance();
    if (params.getopt(argc, argv)) {
        params.usage();
        return 1;
    }
    if (params.help_) {
        params.help();
        return 0;
    }
    if (params.version_) {
        Params::version(params.verbose_);
        return 0;
    }

    int rc = 0;

    try {
        // Create the required action class
        Action::TaskFactory& taskFactory = Action::TaskFactory::instance();
        auto task = taskFactory.create(Action::TaskType(params.action_));
        assert(task);

        // Process all files
        int n = 1;
        int s = static_cast<int>(params.files_.size());
        if (params.action_ & Action::extract && params.target_ & Params::ctStdInOut && s > 1) {
            std::cerr << params.progname() << ": " << _("Only one file is allowed when extracting to stdout") << std::endl;
            rc = 1;
        }
        else {
            int w = s > 9 ? s > 99 ? 3 : 2 : 1;
            for (auto&& file : params.files_) {
                // If extracting to stdout then ignore verbose
                if (params.verbose_ && !(params.action_ & Action::extract && params.target_ & Params::ctStdInOut)) {
                    std::cout << _("File") << " " << std::setw(w) << std::right << n++ << "/" << s << ": " << file
                              << std::endl;
                }
                task->setBinary(params.binary_);
                int ret = task->run(file);
                if (rc == 0)
                    rc = ret;
            }

            taskFactory.cleanup();
            Params::cleanup();
            Exiv2::XmpParser::terminate();
        }
    } catch (const std::exception& exc) {
        std::cerr << "Uncaught exception: " << exc.what() << std::endl;
        rc = 1;
    }

    // Return a positive one byte code for better consistency across platforms
    return static_cast<unsigned int>(rc) % 256;
} // main

// *****************************************************************************
// class Params
Params* Params::instance_ = nullptr;

const Params::YodAdjust Params::emptyYodAdjust_[] = {
    { false, "-Y", 0 },
    { false, "-O", 0 },
    { false, "-D", 0 },
};

Params& Params::instance()
{
    if (nullptr == instance_) {
        instance_ = new Params;
    }
    return *instance_;
}

void Params::cleanup()
{
    delete instance_;
    instance_ = nullptr;
}

void Params::version(bool verbose, std::ostream& os)
{
    os << EXV_PACKAGE_STRING << std::endl;
    if ( Params::instance().greps_.empty() && !verbose) {
    os << "\n"
       << _("This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n"
            "modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License\n"
            "as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2\n"
            "of the License, or (at your option) any later version.\n")
       << "\n"
       << _("This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n"
            "but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n"
            "MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the\n"
            "GNU General Public License for more details.\n")
       << "\n"
       << _("You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public\n"
            "License along with this program; if not, write to the Free\n"
            "Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,\n"
            "Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n");
    }

    if ( verbose ) Exiv2::dumpLibraryInfo(os,Params::instance().greps_);
}

void Params::usage(std::ostream& os) const
{
    os << _("Usage:") << " " << progname()
       << " " << _("[ option [ arg ] ]+ [ action ] file ...\n\n")
       << _("Image metadata manipulation tool.\n");
}

std::string Params::printTarget(const std::string &before, int target, bool bPrint, std::ostream& out)
{
    std::string t;
    if ( target & Params::ctExif       ) t+= 'e';
    if ( target & Params::ctXmpSidecar ) t+= 'X';
    if ( target & Params::ctXmpRaw     ) t+= target & Params::ctXmpSidecar ? 'X' : 'R' ;
    if ( target & Params::ctIptc       ) t+= 'i';
    if ( target & Params::ctIccProfile ) t+= 'C';
    if ( target & Params::ctIptcRaw    ) t+= 'I';
    if ( target & Params::ctXmp        ) t+= 'x';
    if ( target & Params::ctComment    ) t+= 'c';
    if ( target & Params::ctThumb      ) t+= 't';
    if ( target & Params::ctPreview    ) t+= 'p';
    if ( target & Params::ctStdInOut   ) t+= '-';

    if ( bPrint ) out << before << " :" << t << std::endl;
    return t;
}

void Params::help(std::ostream& os) const
{
    usage(os);
    os << _("\nWhere file is one or more files, optionally containing a URL\n"
            "(http, https, ftp, sftp, data or file) or wildcard\n")
       << _("\nActions:\n")
       << _("  pr | print    Print image metadata (default is a summary). This is the default\n"
            "                action\n")
       << _("  ad | adjust   Adjust Exif timestamps by the given time. Requires\n"
            "                at least one of -a, -Y, -O or -D\n")
       << _("  rm | delete   Deletes image metadata, use -d to choose type to delete\n"
            "                (default is all)\n")
       << _("  in | insert   Insert metadata from .exv, .xmp, thumbnail or .icc file.\n"
            "                Use option -S to change the suffix of the input files and\n"
            "                -l to change the location\n")
       << _("  ex | extract  Extract metadata to .exv, .xmp, preview image, thumbnail,\n"
            "                or ICC profile. Use option -S to change the suffix of the input\n"
            "                files and -l to change the location\n")
       << _("  mv | rename   Rename files and/or set file timestamps according to the\n"
            "                Exif timestamps. The filename format can be set with\n"
            "                -r format, timestamp options are controlled with -t and -T\n")
       << _("  mo | modify   Apply commands to modify the Exif, IPTC and XMP metadata.\n"
            "                Requires option -m or -M\n")
       << _("  fi | fixiso   Copy ISO setting from Canon and Nikon makernotes, to the\n"
            "                standard Exif tag\n")
       << _("  fc | fixcom   Convert the Unicode Exif user comment to UCS-2. The current\n"
            "                character encoding can be specified with the -n option\n")
       << _("\nOptions:\n")
       << _("   -h      Display this help and exit\n")
       << _("   -V      Show the program version and exit\n")
       << _("   -v      Be verbose during the program run\n")
       << _("   -q      Silence warnings and error messages (quiet)\n")
       << _("   -Q lvl  Set log-level to d(ebug), i(nfo), w(arning), e(rror) or m(ute)\n")
       << _("   -b      Obsolete, reserved for use with the test suit\n")
       << _("   -u      Show unknown tags (e.g., Exif.SonyMisc3c.0x022b)\n")
       << _("   -g str  Only output where 'str' matches in output text (grep)\n"
            "           Append /i to 'str' for case insensitive\n")
       << _("   -K key  Only output where 'key' exactly matches tag's key\n")
       << _("   -n enc  Character set to decode Exif Unicode user comments\n")
       << _("   -k      Preserve file timestamps when updating files (keep)\n")
       << _("   -t      Set the file timestamp from Exif metadata when renaming (overrides -k)\n")
       << _("   -T      Only set the file timestamp from Exif metadata ('rename' action)\n")
       << _("   -f      Do not prompt before overwriting existing files (force)\n")
       << _("   -F      Do not prompt before renaming files (Force)\n")
       << _("   -a time Time adjustment in the format [+|-]HH[:MM[:SS]]. For 'adjust' action\n")
       << _("   -Y yrs  Year adjustment with the 'adjust' action\n")
       << _("   -O mon  Month adjustment with the 'adjust' action\n")
       << _("   -D day  Day adjustment with the 'adjust' action\n")
       << _("   -p mode Print mode for the 'print' action. Possible modes are:\n")
       << _("             s : A summary of the Exif metadata (the default)\n")
       << _("             a : Exif, IPTC and XMP tags (shortcut for -Pkyct)\n")
       << _("             e : Exif tags (shortcut for -PEkycv)\n")
       << _("             t : Interpreted (translated) Exif tags (-PEkyct)\n")
       << _("             v : Plain (untranslated) Exif tags values (-PExgnycv)\n")
       << _("             h : Hex dump of the Exif tags (-PExgnycsh)\n")
       << _("             i : IPTC tags (-PIkyct)\n")
       << _("             x : XMP tags (-PXkyct)\n")
       << _("             c : JPEG comment\n")
       << _("             p : List available image preview, sorted by size\n")
       << _("             C : Print ICC profile\n")
       << _("             R : Recursive print structure of image (debug build only)\n")
       << _("             S : Print structure of image (limited file types)\n")
       << _("             X : Extract \"raw\" XMP\n")
       << _("   -P flgs Print flags for fine control of tag lists ('print' action):\n")
       << _("             E : Exif tags\n")
       << _("             I : IPTC tags\n")
       << _("             X : XMP tags\n")
       << _("             x : Tag number (Exif and IPTC only)\n")
       << _("             g : Group name (e.g. Exif.Photo.UserComment, Photo)\n")
       << _("             k : Key (e.g. Exif.Photo.UserComment)\n")
       << _("             l : Tag label (e.g. Exif.Photo.UserComment, 'User comment')\n")
       << _("             n : Tag name (e.g. Exif.Photo.UserComment, UserComment)\n")
       << _("             y : Type\n")
       << _("             c : Number of components (count)\n")
       << _("             s : Size in bytes (Ascii and Comment types include NULL)\n")
       << _("             v : Plain data value, untranslated (vanilla)\n")
       << _("             t : Interpreted (translated) human readable values\n")
       << _("             h : Hex dump of the data\n")
       << _("   -d tgt1  Delete target(s) for the 'delete' action. Possible targets are:\n")
       << _("             a : All supported metadata (the default)\n")
       << _("             e : Exif tags\n")
       << _("             t : Exif thumbnail only\n")
       << _("             i : IPTC tags\n")
       << _("             x : XMP tags\n")
       << _("             c : JPEG comment\n")
       << _("             C : ICC Profile\n")
       << _("             c : All IPTC data (any broken multiple IPTC blocks)\n")
       << _("             - : Input from stdin\n")
       << _("   -i tgt2 Insert target(s) for the 'insert' action. Possible targets are\n")
       << _("             a : All supported metadata (the default)\n")
       << _("             e : Exif tags\n")
       << _("             t : Exif thumbnail only (JPEGs only from <file>-thumb.jpg)\n")
       << _("             i : IPTC tags\n")
       << _("             x : XMP tags\n")
       << _("             c : JPEG comment\n")
       << _("             C : ICC Profile, from <file>.icc\n")
       << _("             X : XMP sidecar from file <file>.xmp\n")
       << _("             XX: \"raw\" metadata from <file>.exv. XMP default, optional Exif and IPTC\n")
       << _("             - : Input from stdin\n")
       << _("   -e tgt3 Extract target(s) for the 'extract' action. Possible targets\n")
       << _("             a : All supported metadata (the default)\n")
       << _("             e : Exif tags\n")
       << _("             t : Exif thumbnail only (to <file>-thumb.jpg)\n")
       << _("             i : IPTC tags\n")
       << _("             x : XMP tags\n")
       << _("             c : JPEG comment\n")
       << _("             pN: Extract N'th preview image to <file>-preview<N>.<ext>\n")
       << _("             C : ICC Profile, to <file>.icc\n")
       << _("             X : XMP sidecar to <file>.xmp\n")
       << _("             XX: \"raw\" metadata to <file>.exv. XMP default, optional Exif and IPTC\n")
       << _("             - : Output to stdin\n")
       << _("   -r fmt  Filename format for the 'rename' action. The format string\n")
       << _("           follows strftime(3). The following keywords are also supported:\n")
       << _("             :basename:   - original filename without extension\n")
       << _("             :dirname:    - name of the directory holding the original file\n")
       << _("             :parentname: - name of parent directory\n")
       << _("           Default 'fmt' is %Y%m%d_%H%M%S\n")
       << _("   -c txt  JPEG comment string to set in the image.\n")
       << _("   -m cmdf Applies commands in 'cmdf' file, for the modify action (see -M for format).\n")
       << _("   -M cmd  Command line for the modify action. The format is:\n")
       << _("           ( (set | add) <key> [[<type>] <value>] |\n")
       << _("             del <key> [<type>] |\n")
       << _("             reg prefix namespace )\n")
       << _("   -l dir  Location (directory) for files to be inserted from or extracted to.\n")
       << _("   -S suf Use suffix 'suf' for source files for insert action.\n")
       << _("\nExamples:\n")
       << _("   exiv2 -pe image.dng *.jp2\n"
            "           Print all Exif tags in image.dng and all .jp2 files\n")
       << _("   exiv2 -g date/i https://clanmills.com/Stonehenge.jpg\n"
            "           Print all tags in file, where key contains 'date' (case insensitive)\n")
       << _("   exiv2 -M\"set Xmp.dc.subject XmpBag Sky\" image.tiff\n"
            "           Set (or add if missing) value to tag in file\n\n");
} // Params::help

int Params::option(int opt, const std::string& optArg, int optOpt)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (opt) {
    case 'h': help_ = true; break;
    case 'V': version_ = true; break;
    case 'v': verbose_ = true; break;
    case 'q': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::mute); break;
    case 'Q': rc = setLogLevel(optArg); break;
    case 'k': preserve_ = true; break;
    case 'b': binary_ = true; break;
    case 'u': unknown_ = false; break;
    case 'f': force_ = true; fileExistsPolicy_ = overwritePolicy; break;
    case 'F': force_ = true; fileExistsPolicy_ = renamePolicy; break;
    case 'g': rc = evalGrep(optArg); break;
    case 'K': rc = evalKey(optArg); printMode_ = pmList; break;
    case 'n': charset_ = optArg; break;
    case 'r': rc = evalRename(opt, optArg); break;
    case 't': rc = evalRename(opt, optArg); break;
    case 'T': rc = evalRename(opt, optArg); break;
    case 'a': rc = evalAdjust(optArg); break;
    case 'Y': rc = evalYodAdjust(yodYear, optArg); break;
    case 'O': rc = evalYodAdjust(yodMonth, optArg); break;
    case 'D': rc = evalYodAdjust(yodDay, optArg); break;
    case 'p': rc = evalPrint(optArg); break;
    case 'P': rc = evalPrintFlags(optArg); break;
    case 'd': rc = evalDelete(optArg); break;
    case 'e': rc = evalExtract(optArg); break;
    case 'C': rc = evalExtract(optArg); break;
    case 'i': rc = evalInsert(optArg); break;
    case 'c': rc = evalModify(opt, optArg); break;
    case 'm': rc = evalModify(opt, optArg); break;
    case 'M': rc = evalModify(opt, optArg); break;
    case 'l': directory_ = optArg; break;
    case 'S': suffix_ = optArg; break;
    case ':':
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option") << " -" << static_cast<char>(optOpt)
                   << " " << _("requires an argument\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    case '?':
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Unrecognized option") << " -"
                  << static_cast<char>(optOpt) << "\n";
        rc = 1;
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname()
                  << ": " << _("getopt returned unexpected character code") << " "
                  << std::hex << opt << "\n";
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::option

int Params::setLogLevel(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    const char logLevel = tolower(optArg[0]);
    switch (logLevel) {
    case 'd': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::debug); break;
    case 'i': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::info); break;
    case 'w': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::warn); break;
    case 'e': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::error); break;
    case 'm': Exiv2::LogMsg::setLevel(Exiv2::LogMsg::mute); break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option") << " -Q: "
                  << _("Invalid argument") << " \"" << optArg << "\"\n";
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::setLogLevel

int Params::evalGrep(const std::string& optArg)
{
    // check that string ends in "/i"
    bool bIgnoreCase = optArg.size() > 2 && optArg.back() == 'i' && optArg[optArg.size() - 2] == '/';
    auto pattern = bIgnoreCase ? optArg.substr(0, optArg.size() - 2) : optArg;

    try {
        // use POSIX syntax, optimize for faster matching, treat all sub expressions as unnamed
        auto flags = std::regex::basic | std::regex::optimize | std::regex::nosubs;
        flags = bIgnoreCase ? flags | std::regex::icase : flags;
        // try and emplace regex into vector
        // might throw if invalid pattern
        greps_.emplace_back(pattern, flags);
    } catch (std::regex_error const&) {
        // there was an error compiling the regexp
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option") << " -g: " << _("Invalid regexp") << " \"" << optArg << "\n";
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}  // Params::evalGrep

int Params::evalKey( const std::string& optArg)
{
    int result=0;
    keys_.push_back(optArg);
    return result;
} // Params::evalKey

int Params::evalRename(int opt, const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
        action_ = Action::rename;
        switch (opt) {
        case 'r':
            format_ = optArg;
            formatSet_ = true;
            break;
        case 't': timestamp_ = true; break;
        case 'T': timestampOnly_ = true; break;
        }
        break;
    case Action::rename:
        if (opt == 'r' && (formatSet_ || timestampOnly_)) {
            std::cerr << progname()
                      << ": " << _("Ignoring surplus option") << " -r \"" << optArg << "\"\n";
        }
        else {
            format_ = optArg;
            formatSet_ = true;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option") << " -" << static_cast<char>(opt) << " "
                  << _("is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalRename

int Params::evalAdjust(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
    case Action::adjust:
        if (adjust_) {
            std::cerr << progname()
                      << ": " << _("Ignoring surplus option -a")  << " " << optArg << "\n";
            break;
        }
        action_ = Action::adjust;
        adjust_ = parseTime(optArg, adjustment_);
        if (!adjust_) {
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Error parsing -a option argument") << " `"
                      << optArg << "'\n";
            rc = 1;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname()
                  << ": " << _("Option -a is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalAdjust

int Params::evalYodAdjust(const Yod& yod, const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none: // fall-through
    case Action::adjust:
        if (yodAdjust_[yod].flag_) {
            std::cerr << progname()
                      << ": " << _("Ignoring surplus option") << " "
                      << yodAdjust_[yod].option_ << " " << optArg << "\n";
            break;
        }
        action_ = Action::adjust;
        yodAdjust_[yod].flag_ = true;
        if (!Util::strtol(optArg.c_str(), yodAdjust_[yod].adjustment_)) {
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Error parsing") << " "
                      << yodAdjust_[yod].option_ << " "
                      << _("option argument") << " `" << optArg << "'\n";
            rc = 1;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname()
                  << ": " << _("Option") << " "
                  << yodAdjust_[yod].option_ << " "
                  << _("is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalYodAdjust

int Params::evalPrint(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
        case Action::none:
            switch (optArg[0]) {
                case 's':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmSummary;
                    break;
                case 'a':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("kyct");
                    break;
                case 'e':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Ekycv");
                    break;
                case 't':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Ekyct");
                    break;
                case 'v':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Exgnycv");
                    break;
                case 'h':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Exgnycsh");
                    break;
                case 'i':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Ikyct");
                    break;
                case 'x':
                    rc = evalPrintFlags("Xkyct");
                    break;
                case 'c':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmComment;
                    break;
                case 'p':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmPreview;
                    break;
                case 'C':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmIccProfile;
                    break;
                case 'R':
                #ifdef NDEBUG
                    std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Action not available in Release mode")
                              << ": '" << optArg << "'\n";
                    rc = 1;
                #else
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmRecursive;
                #endif
                    break;
                case 'S':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmStructure;
                    break;
                case 'X':
                    action_ = Action::print;
                    printMode_ = pmXMP;
                    break;
                default:
                    std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Unrecognized print mode") << " `" << optArg << "'\n";
                    rc = 1;
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case Action::print:
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Ignoring surplus option -p") << optArg << "\n";
            break;
        default:
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option -p is not compatible with a previous option\n");
            rc = 1;
            break;
    }
    return rc;
}  // Params::evalPrint

int Params::evalPrintFlags(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
        action_ = Action::print;
        printMode_ = pmList;
        for (auto&& i : optArg) {
            switch (i) {
                case 'E':
                    printTags_ |= Exiv2::mdExif;
                    break;
                case 'I':
                    printTags_ |= Exiv2::mdIptc;
                    break;
                case 'X':
                    printTags_ |= Exiv2::mdXmp;
                    break;
                case 'x':
                    printItems_ |= prTag;
                    break;
                case 'g':
                    printItems_ |= prGroup;
                    break;
                case 'k':
                    printItems_ |= prKey;
                    break;
                case 'l':
                    printItems_ |= prLabel;
                    break;
                case 'n':
                    printItems_ |= prName;
                    break;
                case 'y':
                    printItems_ |= prType;
                    break;
                case 'c':
                    printItems_ |= prCount;
                    break;
                case 's':
                    printItems_ |= prSize;
                    break;
                case 'v':
                    printItems_ |= prValue;
                    break;
                case 't':
                    printItems_ |= prTrans;
                    break;
                case 'h':
                    printItems_ |= prHex;
                    break;
                case 'V':
                    printItems_ |= prSet | prKey | prType | prValue;
                    break;
                default:
                    std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Unrecognized print item") << " `" << i << "'\n";
                    rc = 1;
                    break;
            }
        }
        break;
    case Action::print:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Ignoring surplus option -P") << optArg << "\n";
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Option -P is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalPrintFlags

int Params::evalDelete(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
        action_ = Action::erase;
        target_ = 0;
        // fallthrough
    case Action::erase:
        rc = parseCommonTargets(optArg, "erase");
        if (rc > 0) {
            target_ |= rc;
            rc = 0;
        }
        else {
            rc = 1;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Option -d is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalDelete

int Params::evalExtract(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
    case Action::modify:
        action_ = Action::extract;
        target_ = 0;
        // fallthrough
    case Action::extract:
        rc = parseCommonTargets(optArg, "extract");
        if (rc > 0) {
            target_ |= rc;
            rc = 0;
        }
        else {
            rc = 1;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Option -e is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalExtract

int Params::evalInsert(const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
    case Action::modify:
        action_ = Action::insert;
        target_ = 0;
        // fallthrough
    case Action::insert:
        rc = parseCommonTargets(optArg, "insert");
        if (rc > 0) {
            target_ |= rc;
            rc = 0;
        }
        else {
            rc = 1;
        }
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Option -i is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalInsert

int Params::evalModify(int opt, const std::string& optArg)
{
    int rc = 0;
    switch (action_) {
    case Action::none:
        action_ = Action::modify;
        // fallthrough
    case Action::modify:
    case Action::extract:
    case Action::insert:
        if (opt == 'c') jpegComment_ = parseEscapes(optArg);
        if (opt == 'm') cmdFiles_.push_back(optArg);  // parse the files later
        if (opt == 'M') cmdLines_.push_back(optArg);  // parse the commands later
        break;
    default:
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Option") << " -" << static_cast<char>(opt) << " "
                  << _("is not compatible with a previous option\n");
        rc = 1;
        break;
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::evalModify

int Params::nonoption(const std::string& argv)
{
    int rc = 0;
    bool action = false;
    if (first_) {
        // The first non-option argument must be the action
        first_ = false;
        if (argv == "ad" || argv == "adjust") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::adjust) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action adjust is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::adjust;
        }
        if (argv == "pr" || argv == "print") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::print) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action print is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::print;
        }
        if (argv == "rm" || argv == "delete") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::erase) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action delete is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::erase;
        }
        if (argv == "ex" || argv == "extract") {
            if (   action_ != Action::none
                && action_ != Action::extract
                && action_ != Action::modify) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action extract is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::extract;
        }
        if (argv == "in" || argv == "insert") {
            if (   action_ != Action::none
                && action_ != Action::insert
                && action_ != Action::modify) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action insert is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::insert;
        }
        if (argv == "mv" || argv == "rename") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::rename) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action rename is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::rename;
        }
        if (argv == "mo" || argv == "modify") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::modify) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action modify is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::modify;
        }
        if (argv == "fi" || argv == "fixiso") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::fixiso) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action fixiso is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::fixiso;
        }
        if (argv == "fc" || argv == "fixcom" || argv == "fixcomment") {
            if (action_ != Action::none && action_ != Action::fixcom) {
                std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                          << _("Action fixcom is not compatible with the given options\n");
                rc = 1;
            }
            action = true;
            action_ = Action::fixcom;
        }
        if (action_ == Action::none) {
            // if everything else fails, assume print as the default action
            action_ = Action::print;
        }
    }
    if (!action) {
        files_.push_back(argv);
    }
    return rc;
} // Params::nonoption

static int readFileToBuf(FILE* f,Exiv2::DataBuf& buf)
{
    const int buff_size = 4*1028;
    std::vector<Exiv2::byte> bytes(buff_size);
    int       nBytes    = 0 ;
    bool more {true};
    while   ( more ) {
        char buff[buff_size];
        int n = static_cast<int>(fread(buff, 1, buff_size, f));
        more       = n > 0 ;
        if ( more ) {
            bytes.resize(nBytes+n);
            memcpy(bytes.data()+nBytes,buff,n);
            nBytes    += n ;
        }
    }

    if ( nBytes ) {
        buf.alloc(nBytes);
        buf.copyBytes(0, bytes.data(), nBytes);
    }
    return nBytes;
}

//#define DEBUG
void Params::getStdin(Exiv2::DataBuf& buf)
{
    // copy stdin to stdinBuf
    if ( stdinBuf.size() == 0 ) {
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
        DWORD fdwMode;
        _setmode(fileno(stdin), O_BINARY);
        Sleep(300);
        if ( !GetConsoleMode(GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE), &fdwMode) ) { // failed: stdin has bytes!
#else
        // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34479795/make-c-not-wait-for-user-input/34479916#34479916
        fd_set                readfds;
        FD_ZERO             (&readfds);
        FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &readfds);
        struct timeval timeout =  {1,0}; // yes: set timeout seconds,microseconds

        // if we have something in the pipe, read it
        if (select(1, &readfds, nullptr, nullptr, &timeout)) {
#endif
#ifdef DEBUG
            std::cerr << "stdin has data" << std::endl;
#endif
            readFileToBuf(stdin,stdinBuf);
        }
#ifdef DEBUG
        // this is only used to simulate reading from stdin when debugging
        // to simulate exiv2 -pX foo.jpg                | exiv2 -iXX- bar.jpg
        //             exiv2 -pX foo.jpg > ~/temp/stdin ; exiv2 -iXX- bar.jpg
        if ( stdinBuf.size() == 0 ) {
            const char* path = "/Users/rmills/temp/stdin";
            FILE* f = fopen(path,"rb");
            if  ( f ) {
                readFileToBuf(f,stdinBuf);
                fclose(f);
                std::cerr << "read stdin from " << path << std::endl;
            }
        }
#endif
#ifdef DEBUG
            std::cerr << "getStdin stdinBuf.size_ = " << stdinBuf.size() << std::endl;
#endif
    }

    // copy stdinBuf to buf
    if ( stdinBuf.size() ) {
        buf.alloc(stdinBuf.size());
        buf.copyBytes(0,stdinBuf.c_data(),buf.size());
    }
#ifdef DEBUG
    std::cerr << "getStdin stdinBuf.size_ = " << stdinBuf.size() << std::endl;
#endif

} // Params::getStdin()

using long_t = std::map<std::string, std::string>;

int Params::getopt(int argc, char* const Argv[])
{
    auto argv = new char*[argc + 1];
    argv[argc] = nullptr;
    long_t longs;

    longs["--adjust"   ] = "-a";
    longs["--binary"   ] = "-b";
    longs["--comment"  ] = "-c";
    longs["--delete"   ] = "-d";
    longs["--days"     ] = "-D";
    longs["--extract"  ] = "-e";
    longs["--force"    ] = "-f";
    longs["--Force"    ] = "-F";
    longs["--grep"     ] = "-g";
    longs["--help"     ] = "-h";
    longs["--insert"   ] = "-i";
    longs["--keep"     ] = "-k";
    longs["--key"      ] = "-K";
    longs["--location" ] = "-l";
    longs["--modify"   ] = "-m";
    longs["--Modify"   ] = "-M";
    longs["--encode"   ] = "-n";
    longs["--months"   ] = "-O";
    longs["--print"    ] = "-p";
    longs["--Print"    ] = "-P";
    longs["--quiet"    ] = "-q";
    longs["--log"      ] = "-Q";
    longs["--rename"   ] = "-r";
    longs["--suffix"   ] = "-S";
    longs["--timestamp"] = "-t";
    longs["--Timestamp"] = "-T";
    longs["--unknown"  ] = "-u";
    longs["--verbose"  ] = "-v";
    longs["--Version"  ] = "-V";
    longs["--version"  ] = "-V";
    longs["--years"    ] = "-Y";

    for ( int i = 0 ; i < argc ; i++ ) {
        std::string arg(Argv[i]);
        if (longs.find(arg) != longs.end() ) {
            argv[i] = ::strdup(longs[arg].c_str());
        } else {
            argv[i] = ::strdup(Argv[i]);
        }
    }

    int rc = Util::Getopt::getopt(argc, argv, optstring_);
    // Further consistency checks
    if (help_ || version_) {
        goto cleanup;
    }
    if (action_ == Action::none) {
        // This shouldn't happen since print is taken as default action
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("An action must be specified\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (   action_ == Action::adjust
        && !adjust_
        && !yodAdjust_[yodYear].flag_
        && !yodAdjust_[yodMonth].flag_
        && !yodAdjust_[yodDay].flag_) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Adjust action requires at least one -a, -Y, -O or -D option\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (   action_ == Action::modify
        && cmdFiles_.empty() && cmdLines_.empty() && jpegComment_.empty()) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("Modify action requires at least one -c, -m or -M option\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (files_.empty()) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("At least one file is required\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (rc == 0 && !cmdFiles_.empty()) {
        // Parse command files
        if (!parseCmdFiles(modifyCmds_, cmdFiles_)) {
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Error parsing -m option arguments\n");
            rc = 1;
        }
    }
    if (rc == 0 && !cmdLines_.empty()) {
        // Parse command lines
        if (!parseCmdLines(modifyCmds_, cmdLines_)) {
            std::cerr << progname() << ": " << _("Error parsing -M option arguments\n");
            rc = 1;
        }
    }
    if (rc == 0 && (!cmdFiles_.empty() || !cmdLines_.empty())) {
        // We'll set them again, after reading the file
        Exiv2::XmpProperties::unregisterNs();
    }
    if (   !directory_.empty()
        && !(action_ == Action::insert || action_ == Action::extract)) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("-l option can only be used with extract or insert actions\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (!suffix_.empty() && !(action_ == Action::insert)) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("-S option can only be used with insert action\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (timestamp_ && !(action_ == Action::rename)) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("-t option can only be used with rename action\n");
        rc = 1;
    }
    if (timestampOnly_ && !(action_ == Action::rename)) {
        std::cerr << progname() << ": "
                  << _("-T option can only be used with rename action\n");
        rc = 1;
    }

 cleanup:
    // cleanup the argument vector
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++)
        ::free(argv[i]);
    delete [] argv;

    return rc;
} // Params::getopt

// *****************************************************************************
// local implementations
namespace {

    bool parseTime(const std::string& ts, long& time)
    {
        std::string hstr, mstr, sstr;
        auto cts = new char[ts.length() + 1];
        strcpy(cts, ts.c_str());
        char *tmp = ::strtok(cts, ":");
        if (tmp) hstr = tmp;
        tmp = ::strtok(nullptr, ":");
        if (tmp) mstr = tmp;
        tmp = ::strtok(nullptr, ":");
        if (tmp) sstr = tmp;
        delete[] cts;

        int sign = 1;
        long hh(0), mm(0), ss(0);
        // [-]HH part
        if (!Util::strtol(hstr.c_str(), hh)) return false;
        if (hh < 0) {
            sign = -1;
            hh *= -1;
        }
        // check for the -0 special case
        if (hh == 0 && hstr.find('-') != std::string::npos) sign = -1;
        // MM part, if there is one
        if (!mstr.empty()) {
            if (!Util::strtol(mstr.c_str(), mm)) return false;
            if (mm > 59) return false;
            if (mm < 0) return false;
        }
        // SS part, if there is one
        if (!sstr.empty()) {
            if (!Util::strtol(sstr.c_str(), ss)) return false;
            if (ss > 59) return false;
            if (ss < 0) return false;
        }

        time = sign * (hh * 3600 + mm * 60 + ss);
        return true;
    } // parseTime

    void printUnrecognizedArgument(const char argc, const std::string& action)
    {
        std::cerr << Params::instance().progname() << ": " << _("Unrecognized ")
                  << action << " " << _("target") << " `"  << argc << "'\n";
    }

    int parseCommonTargets(const std::string& optArg, const std::string& action)
    {
        int rc = 0;
        int target = 0;
        int all = Params::ctExif | Params::ctIptc | Params::ctComment | Params::ctXmp;
        int extra = Params::ctXmpSidecar | Params::ctExif | Params::ctIptc | Params::ctXmp;
        for (size_t i = 0; rc == 0 && i < optArg.size(); ++i) {
            switch (optArg[i]) {
                case 'e':
                    target |= Params::ctExif;
                    break;
                case 'i':
                    target |= Params::ctIptc;
                    break;
                case 'x':
                    target |= Params::ctXmp;
                    break;
                case 'c':
                    target |= Params::ctComment;
                    break;
                case 't':
                    target |= Params::ctThumb;
                    break;
                case 'C':
                    target |= Params::ctIccProfile;
                    break;
                case 'I':
                    target |= Params::ctIptcRaw;
                    break;
                case '-':
                    target |= Params::ctStdInOut;
                    break;
                case 'a':
                    target |= all;
                    break;
                case 'X':
                    target |= extra;  // -eX
                    if (i > 0) {      // -eXX or -iXX
                        target |= Params::ctXmpRaw;
                        target &= ~extra;  // turn off those bits
                    }
                    break;

                case 'p': {
                    if (strcmp(action.c_str(), "extract") == 0) {
                        i += static_cast<size_t>(
                            parsePreviewNumbers(Params::instance().previewNumbers_, optArg, static_cast<int>(i) + 1));
                        target |= Params::ctPreview;
                        break;
                    }
                    printUnrecognizedArgument(optArg[i], action);
                    rc = -1;
                    break;
                }
                default:
                    printUnrecognizedArgument(optArg[i], action);
                    rc = -1;
                    break;
            }
        }
        return rc ? rc : target;
    }

    int parsePreviewNumbers(Params::PreviewNumbers& previewNumbers,
                            const std::string& optArg,
                            int j)
    {
        size_t k = j;
        for (size_t i = j; i < optArg.size(); ++i) {
            std::ostringstream os;
            for (k = i; k < optArg.size() && isdigit(optArg[k]); ++k) {
                os << optArg[k];
            }
            if (k > i) {
                bool ok = false;
                int num = Exiv2::stringTo<int>(os.str(), ok);
                if (ok && num >= 0) {
                    previewNumbers.insert(num);
                }
                else {
                    std::cerr << Params::instance().progname() << ": "
                              << _("Invalid preview number") << ": " << num << "\n";
                }
                i = k;
            }
            if (!(k < optArg.size() && optArg[i] == ',')) break;
        }
        int ret = static_cast<int>(k - j);
        if (ret == 0) {
            previewNumbers.insert(0);
        }
#ifdef DEBUG
        std::cout << "\nThe set now contains: ";
        for (auto&& number : previewNumbers) {
            std::cout << number << ", ";
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;
#endif
        return static_cast<int>(k - j);
    } // parsePreviewNumbers

    bool parseCmdFiles(ModifyCmds& modifyCmds,
                       const Params::CmdFiles& cmdFiles)
    {
        for (auto&& filename : cmdFiles) {
            try {
                std::ifstream file(filename.c_str());
                bool bStdin = filename == "-";
                if (!file && !bStdin) {
                    std::cerr << filename << ": " << _("Failed to open command file for reading\n");
                    return false;
                }
                int num = 0;
                std::string line;
                while (bStdin?std::getline(std::cin, line):std::getline(file, line)) {
                    ModifyCmd modifyCmd;
                    if (parseLine(modifyCmd, line, ++num)) {
                        modifyCmds.push_back(modifyCmd);
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (const Exiv2::AnyError& error) {
                std::cerr << filename << ", " << _("line") << " " << error << "\n";
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    } // parseCmdFile

    bool parseCmdLines(ModifyCmds& modifyCmds,
                       const Params::CmdLines& cmdLines)
    {
        try {
            int num = 0;
            for (auto&& line : cmdLines) {
                ModifyCmd modifyCmd;
                if (parseLine(modifyCmd, line, ++num)) {
                    modifyCmds.push_back(modifyCmd);
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
        catch (const Exiv2::AnyError& error) {
            std::cerr << _("-M option") << " " << error << "\n";
            return false;
        }
    } // parseCmdLines

#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW__)
    static std::string formatArg(const char* arg)
    {
        std::string result = "";
        char        b  = ' ' ;
        char        e  = '\\'; std::string E = std::string("\\");
        char        q  = '\''; std::string Q = std::string("'" );
        bool        qt = false;
        char* a    = (char*) arg;
        while  ( *a ) {
            if ( *a == b || *a == e || *a == q ) qt = true;
            if ( *a == q ) result += E;
            if ( *a == e ) result += E;
            result += std::string(a,1);
            a++ ;
        }
        if (qt) result = Q + result + Q;

        return result;
    }
#endif

    bool parseLine(ModifyCmd& modifyCmd, const std::string& line, int num)
    {
        const std::string delim = " \t";

        // Skip empty lines and comments
        std::string::size_type cmdStart = line.find_first_not_of(delim);
        if (cmdStart == std::string::npos || line[cmdStart] == '#')
            return false;

        // Get command and key
        std::string::size_type cmdEnd = line.find_first_of(delim, cmdStart+1);
        std::string::size_type keyStart = line.find_first_not_of(delim, cmdEnd+1);
        std::string::size_type keyEnd = line.find_first_of(delim, keyStart+1);
        if (cmdEnd == std::string::npos || keyStart == std::string::npos) {
            std::string cmdLine ;
#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW__)
            for ( int i = 1 ; i < __argc ; i++ ) { cmdLine += std::string(" ") + formatArg(__argv[i]) ; }
#endif
            throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage, Exiv2::toString(num)
                               + ": " + _("Invalid command line:") + cmdLine);
        }

        std::string cmd(line.substr(cmdStart, cmdEnd-cmdStart));
        CmdId cmdId = commandId(cmd);
        if (cmdId == invalidCmdId) {
            throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage, Exiv2::toString(num)
                               + ": " + _("Invalid command") + " `" + cmd + "'");
        }

        Exiv2::TypeId defaultType = Exiv2::invalidTypeId;
        std::string key(line.substr(keyStart, keyEnd-keyStart));
        MetadataId metadataId = invalidMetadataId;
        if (cmdId != reg) {
            try {
                Exiv2::IptcKey iptcKey(key);
                metadataId = iptc;
                defaultType = Exiv2::IptcDataSets::dataSetType(iptcKey.tag(),
                                                               iptcKey.record());
            }
            catch (const Exiv2::AnyError&) {}
            if (metadataId == invalidMetadataId) {
                try {
                    Exiv2::ExifKey exifKey(key);
                    metadataId = exif;
                    defaultType = exifKey.defaultTypeId();
                }
                catch (const Exiv2::AnyError&) {}
            }
            if (metadataId == invalidMetadataId) {
                try {
                    Exiv2::XmpKey xmpKey(key);
                    metadataId = xmp;
                    defaultType = Exiv2::XmpProperties::propertyType(xmpKey);
                }
                catch (const Exiv2::AnyError&) {}
            }
            if (metadataId == invalidMetadataId) {
                throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage, Exiv2::toString(num)
                                   + ": " + _("Invalid key") + " `" + key + "'");
            }
        }
        std::string value;
        Exiv2::TypeId type = defaultType;
        bool explicitType = false;
        if (cmdId != del) {
            // Get type and value
            std::string::size_type typeStart = std::string::npos;
            if (keyEnd != std::string::npos) typeStart = line.find_first_not_of(delim, keyEnd+1);
            std::string::size_type typeEnd = std::string::npos;
            if (typeStart != std::string::npos) typeEnd = line.find_first_of(delim, typeStart+1);
            std::string::size_type valStart = typeStart;
            std::string::size_type valEnd = std::string::npos;
            if (valStart != std::string::npos) valEnd = line.find_last_not_of(delim);

            if (   cmdId == reg
                && (   keyEnd == std::string::npos
                    || valStart == std::string::npos)) {
                throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage, Exiv2::toString(num)
                                   + ": " + _("Invalid command line") + " " );
            }

            if (   cmdId != reg
                && typeStart != std::string::npos
                && typeEnd != std::string::npos) {
                std::string typeStr(line.substr(typeStart, typeEnd-typeStart));
                Exiv2::TypeId tmpType = Exiv2::TypeInfo::typeId(typeStr);
                if (tmpType != Exiv2::invalidTypeId) {
                    valStart = line.find_first_not_of(delim, typeEnd+1);
                    if (valStart == std::string::npos) {
                        throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage, Exiv2::toString(num)
                                           + ": " + _("Invalid command line") + " " );
                    }
                    type = tmpType;
                    explicitType = true;
                }
            }

            if (valStart != std::string::npos) {
                value = parseEscapes(line.substr(valStart, valEnd+1-valStart));
                std::string::size_type last = value.length()-1;
                if (   (value.at(0) == '"' && value.at(last) == '"')
                       || (value.at(0) == '\'' && value.at(last) == '\'')) {
                    value = value.substr(1, value.length()-2);
                }
            }
        }

        modifyCmd.cmdId_ = cmdId;
        modifyCmd.key_ = key;
        modifyCmd.metadataId_ = metadataId;
        modifyCmd.typeId_ = type;
        modifyCmd.explicitType_ = explicitType;
        modifyCmd.value_ = value;

        if (cmdId == reg) {
            if (value.empty()) {
                throw Exiv2::Error(Exiv2::kerErrorMessage,
                                   Exiv2::toString(num) + ": " + _("Empty value for key") +  + " `" + key + "'");
            }

            // Registration needs to be done immediately as the new namespaces are
            // looked up during parsing of subsequent lines (to validate XMP keys).
            Exiv2::XmpProperties::registerNs(modifyCmd.value_, modifyCmd.key_);
        }

        return true;
    } // parseLine

    CmdId commandId(const std::string& cmdString)
    {
        int i = 0;
        for (;   cmdIdAndString[i].cmdId_ != invalidCmdId
                 && cmdIdAndString[i].cmdString_ != cmdString; ++i) {}
        return cmdIdAndString[i].cmdId_;
    }

    std::string parseEscapes(const std::string& input)
    {
        std::string result;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < input.length(); ++i) {
            char ch = input[i];
            if (ch != '\\') {
                result.push_back(ch);
                continue;
            }
            size_t escapeStart = i;
            if (!(input.length() - 1 > i)) {
                result.push_back(ch);
                continue;
            }
            ++i;
            ch = input[i];
            switch (ch) {
            case '\\':                          // Escaping of backslash
                result.push_back('\\');
                break;
            case 'r':                           // Escaping of carriage return
                result.push_back('\r');
                break;
            case 'n':                           // Escaping of newline
                result.push_back('\n');
                break;
            case 't':                           // Escaping of tab
                result.push_back('\t');
                break;
            case 'u':                           // Escaping of unicode
                if (input.length() >= 4 && input.length() - 4 > i) {
                    int acc = 0;
                    for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
                        ++i;
                        acc <<= 4;
                        if (input[i] >= '0' && input[i] <= '9') {
                            acc |= input[i] - '0';
                        }
                        else if (input[i] >= 'a' && input[i] <= 'f') {
                            acc |= input[i] - 'a' + 10;
                        }
                        else if (input[i] >= 'A' && input[i] <= 'F') {
                            acc |= input[i] - 'A' + 10;
                        }
                        else {
                            acc = -1;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (acc == -1) {
                        result.push_back('\\');
                        i = escapeStart;
                        break;
                    }

                    std::string ucs2toUtf8;
                    ucs2toUtf8.push_back(static_cast<char>((acc & 0xff00) >> 8));
                    ucs2toUtf8.push_back(static_cast<char>(acc & 0x00ff));

                    if (Exiv2::convertStringCharset (ucs2toUtf8, "UCS-2BE", "UTF-8")) {
                        result.append (ucs2toUtf8);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    result.push_back('\\');
                    result.push_back(ch);
                }
                break;
            default:
                result.push_back('\\');
                result.push_back(ch);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

}  // namespace